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- ETHICS, Page 57Cheating on the Tests
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- The controversial practice known as race norming was probably
- doing minorities more long-term harm than good
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- John Smith, a white, scores 327 on a vocational-aptitude test.
- Fred Jones, a black, gets only 283. But if the two applicants
- are sent to a prospective employer, their test results are said
- to rank identically at the 70th percentile. A computer error?
- No. The raw score Jones earned was compared only with the marks
- obtained by fellow blacks. Smith's number went into a blend of
- scores made by whites and "others." If a Hispanic takes the same
- test, his raw score is converted on a third curve reserved for
- Hispanics only.
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- Sound fair? It is -- and it isn't. "Within-group scoring,"
- sometimes known as race norming, has been used for a decade by
- the U.S. Labor Department as a form of affirmative action. This
- spring it became part of a partisan brawl as Republicans and
- Democrats squared off over the latest update of civil rights
- legislation. Last week House Democrats agreed to an explicit ban
- on race norming as part of an effort to salvage their version
- of the civil rights bill. But the congressional din threatens
- to drown out an important debate over the value of testing and
- the amount of racial redress white America will tolerate.
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- The Labor Department's program started, ironically enough,
- under the Reagan Administration. In 1981 Labor began to promote
- use of an expanded version of its General Aptitude Test Battery
- as a basis for referring job applicants to private employers.
- But civil rights activists were leery. Minorities score lower in
- general on the tests than whites; exams have served in the past
- as a ruse to filter out black or brown applicants. So race
- norming was added as a way to make the results "color-blind."
- Eventually, 35 states adopted the Labor Department program in
- some measure. Until recently, the Equal Employment Opportunity
- Commission encouraged firms in some cases to shade scores for
- the benefit of minorities. Variations of norming have been used
- in other programs as well.
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- Five years ago, the Reagan Justice Department suddenly
- denounced the GATB practice, saying it was reverse
- discrimination and thus illegal under Title VII of the 1964
- Civil Rights Act. Such practices do seem to contradict both the
- letter and the spirit of Title VII, the basic equal-employment
- law, which was designed to foster color blindness. Race norming
- also runs head-on into traditional American notions of
- advancement based on individual achievement.
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- The situation grew even murkier when the National Research
- Council reviewed the battery of general-aptitude tests in the
- wake of the Justice assault. It found the 12-part exam to be
- bias-free. But the council also found that low GATB scores tend
- to be less reliable predictors of job success or failure than
- high marks, a fact that works against blacks and Hispanics. The
- reviewers recommended some residual race norming while GATB is
- refined, a process expected to begin soon.
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- The Solomonic conclusion satisfied no one. Race norming is
- one of the many dubious palliatives employed because black
- Americans still suffer the damage inflicted by centuries of
- racism. Yet blatant group preferences, such as manipulating test
- scores, impose their own costs. They fuel a backlash against
- other reforms, create doubts about individual achievements and
- can subtly discourage minorities from striving for their full
- potential. In the high-tech age, tests are a fact of life.
- Rather than fudge outcomes, society must now face the challenge
- of equipping everyone to pass them.
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- By Laurence I. Barrett/Washington
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